Books

Looking back at 2025

It’s that time again, with the end of the year approaching, I am looking back at 2025 and reviewing the books I read, places I have been to, and plays I have seen. This process helps me appreciate the year more fully and experience it again in fast-forward mode. I relied on both ChatGPT and Claude to help me compile the list and the summaries.

Books and Short Stories

Hawking Hawking: The Selling of a Scientific Celebrity, by Charles Seife.

I learned about this book from Peter Woit, of the Not Even Wrong fame. He has a review of the book here. Since I know close to nothing about modern (post 1920s) physics and cosmology, my interest in the book is similar to most people, who are trying to understand the man himself, and not so much his work. It is refreshing to read a biography that separates the celebrity from the scientist and gives an honest account of the man’s life. As Frank Wilczek in his New York Times review sais:

Seife has performed an important service by documenting Stephen Hawking’s life as it actually happened. It is what a great scientist deserves, and should expect.

Me Talk Pretty One Day, Calypso, and Happy-Go-Lucky, by David Sedaris.

This year I got on the Sedaris train, and it’s hard to get off. Listening to him read the stories is an intimate experience particularly since all he does is talk about himself, his husband, and his family. One thing I have in common with David is that both of our dads are very conservative, Fox News loving people, but David seemed to manage his relationship with the Sedaris senior much better than I do with mine.

Me Tealk Pretty is split between stories of his growing up in the US and his struggles with adopting to his life in France.

Here is a characteristic quote:

Every day we’re told that we live in the greatest country on earth. And it’s always stated as an undeniable fact: Leos are born between July 23 and August 22, fitted queen-size sheets measure sixty by eighty inches, and America is the greatest country on earth. Having grown up with this in our ears, it’s startling to realize that other countries have nationalistic slogans of their own, none of which are ‘We’re number two!

Love Letter and Tenth of December: Stories, by George Saunders

This year was my first forey into the American master of short stories. I first heard of him on the New Yorker Fiction podcast, where David Sedaris read Love Letter, a story published in the New Yorked in 2020. The chilling thing abour the Love Letter is that it was written during Trump 1.o, but it reads like it was written during Trump 2.0, although the fascist autocracy that it describes is not yet upon us. A grandfather is writing a letter to his grandson using all kinds of abbreviations so not to expose the people to the censor who will read it before presumably forwarding it to the intended recepient. A must read, particularly for immigrants from the Sovient Union.

The story that stands out for me in the Tenth of Devember is Escape from Spiderhead for reasons that have mostly to do with my day job — it is about a kind of biotech/drug experiement designed to manipulate human emotions and, at least partly, is a reference to famous, but considerably less lethal Milgram experiments.

Saunders gives me DFW vibes, not so much in the writing style, although I think there is something to that as well, but his observations of an American life, in all of its consumerist glory.

Meditations for Mortals, by Oliver Burkeman

This is an anti-self-optimization book. I know a bunch of people who optimize everything in their life, and I must admit, I am a little jelous sinve I could never really do it. There is a funny Shouts and Murmurs about this trend in a recent New Yorker. If you are like me, this book will give you a satisfying excuse not to try, while still feeling like you are living a purposful life.

Careless People: A Cautionary Tale of Power, Greed, and Lost Idealism, by Sarah Wynn-Williams

Careless People, from the corporate-greed-gone-wield genre, is a first-person acocunt of the author’s professional journey at Facebook (now Meta) depicting a toxic culture that is well-matched to the early “go fast and break things” mantra, if “things” include not only products but the product users, employees, and the work environment. The following episode with Sheryl Sandberg, the then COO of Facebook and author of Lean In, is emblimatic. The action takes place on the corporate jet, where according to Wynn-Williams, Sandberg pressures her to share a bed and “cuddle.” The request is framed as friendly, intimate, and non-sexual, which functions to downplay how inappropriate it is given the professional context and the power imbalance.

When Sarah resists, Sandberg does not immediately accept the refusal. Instead, she persists through casual language, implying that the request is normal and that discomfort is unnecessary. The pressure is subtle, not coercive in a physical sense, but sustained — and critically shaped by hierarchy: Sandberg is a senior executive with immense influence over careers.

Blind Spots. When Medicine Gets It Wrong, and What It Means for Our Health, by Marty Makary

This book was written before Makary was appointed as the FDA commissioner. Medicine is a unique set of products — we are all customers and Makary wants us to be educated consumers of medicine. Makary doesn’t claim the modern medicine doesn’t work, rather that it susceptible to the same forces that afflict other industries — fads, group-think, conflicts of interest, misaligned incentives and so on. Even so, modern medicine is a remarkable achievement and most treatments are net positive, but Makary is zooming in on particularly harmful cases. Examples include pausing HRT for women, low fat diets, PSA screening and other cancer screenings, opioids, antibiotics for viral infections, and many more. Here is more complete list compiled by ChatGPT.

Case / Practice	What Was Believed	What Went Wrong	Harm Caused	Why It Persisted	How It Was Corrected
Hormone Replacement Therapy (HRT)	Prevents heart disease in postmenopausal women	Based largely on observational data; RCTs later showed increased CV and cancer risk	Millions exposed to unnecessary risk	Authority of expert consensus; slow guideline reversal	Women’s Health Initiative trials
Radical mastectomy	More extensive surgery = better cancer control	No survival benefit over conservative surgery	Unnecessary disfigurement and morbidity	Surgical tradition; prestige; resistance to de-escalation	Randomized trials (Fisher et al.)
Routine tonsillectomies	Prevents recurrent illness in children	Often ineffective or unnecessary	Surgical risk without benefit	Habit; training norms	Evidence-based indications narrowed
Low-fat dietary guidelines	Fat causes heart disease	Weak evidence; sugar/refined carbs ignored	Metabolic disease epidemic	Policy inertia; moralized nutrition	Partial reassessment (still ongoing)
Cholesterol reductionism	LDL lowering alone solves CV risk	Ignored metabolic context	Misguided treatment focus	Simple metrics favored	Broader risk models emerging
PSA screening	Early detection saves lives	Massive overdiagnosis	Incontinence, impotence, anxiety	“Early detection” bias; fear of missing cancer	USPSTF downgrades
Mammography (low-risk groups)	Universal screening reduces mortality	Marginal benefit for some ages	False positives, overtreatment	Cultural sanctity of screening	Risk-stratified guidance
Thyroid cancer screening	More detection = better outcomes	Diagnosed harmless disease	Unnecessary surgery	Imaging creep	Recognition of overdiagnosis
Spinal fusion surgery	Fixes chronic back pain	Weak evidence for many cases	Pain, disability, cost	Fee-for-service incentives	Comparative effectiveness studies
Knee arthroscopy (OA)	Mechanical “cleanup” helps	No better than placebo surgery	Surgical harm	Surgeon belief; delayed uptake of RCTs	Sham-controlled trials
Cardiac stents (stable angina)	Prevent heart attacks	No mortality benefit vs meds	Unnecessary procedures	Intuitive appeal; revenue	COURAGE, ORBITA trials
Opioids for chronic pain	Safe, humane pain control	Addiction risk minimized	Addiction, overdose epidemic	Professional endorsements	Regulatory reversal
Antibiotics for viral illness	“Just in case” treatment	No benefit, resistance	Antimicrobial resistance	Patient demand; defensive medicine	Stewardship programs
Long-term PPI use	Benign maintenance therapy	Accumulating adverse effects	Fractures, infections	Inertia, refills without review	Deprescribing awareness
COVID policy rigidity	Certainty in early interventions	Failure to adapt quickly	Trust erosion	Fear, politicization	Gradual course correction

The Happiest Man on Earth, by Eddie Jaku

The Happiest Man on Earth is a Holocaust memoir with a paradoxical premise: that the man who survived Buchenwald, Auschwitz, and a forced death march during the Third Reich’s final collapse chose, upon liberation, to smile every single day for the rest of his life. Eddie Jaku — born Abraham Jakubowicz in Germany, a country he loved without reservation before it turned on him — structures his story around the shock of that betrayal. He had considered himself a German first and a Jew second; the violence of Kristallnacht in 1938 dissolved that identity in a single night. What follows is not simply a testimony of atrocity but a meditation on what a person can choose to preserve of themselves when everything external has been stripped away.

The emotional core of the book is Jaku’s friendship with a fellow prisoner named Kurt. It is this relationship — the shared scraps of food, the whispered conversation in the dark, the simple commitment to see each other again the next morning — that Jaku credits with keeping him alive. The argument the book quietly makes is that survival is not merely biological but relational: it requires someone to survive for. Jaku lived to 101, became a founding member of the Sydney Jewish Museum, and received the Order of Australia Medal. His account, assembled with the help of writer Liam Pieper, retains the warmth and directness of a spoken voice — a deliberate choice that makes the horror it describes land all the more forcefully.

Tomorrow Is Yesterday: Life, Death, and the Pursuit of Peace in Israel/Palestine, by Hussein Agha and Robert Malley

Hussein Agha, a longtime adviser to Palestinian leaders, and Robert Malley, who advised three American presidents on the Middle East, spent decades at the center of efforts to negotiate a resolution to the Israeli-Palestinian conflict. Tomorrow Is Yesterday is their reckoning with why those efforts failed — and it is not a comfortable book for anyone who found comfort in the Oslo framework. Their central argument is that the peace process was built on a category error: it treated an existential conflict rooted in history, memory, and religious claim as a technical dispute about borders and recognition. In doing so, it resolved none of the underlying tensions while creating the illusion of progress.

The tone is elegiac rather than polemical. These are not outside critics but participants who believed in what they were doing and now must account for the results. They are candid that both sides — Israeli and Palestinian — were complicit in the failure, and they treat the Hamas attacks of October 7, 2023, not as a rupture but as the latest expression of forces that the peace process consistently failed to address. Named a Best Book of 2025 by The New Yorker, Foreign Affairs, NPR, and Foreign Policy, this is essential reading for anyone trying to understand not just the history of the conflict but why the frameworks used to resolve it kept producing the same impasse.

All Life Is Problem Solving, by Karl Popper

This slim collection gathers essays and lectures from the last twenty-five years of Popper’s life, many of them occasioned by the collapse of communism and the questions it raised about the relationship between science, democracy, and historical progress. The title essay makes an argument that is at once simple and far-reaching: that the same basic logic underlies the amoeba navigating its environment and Einstein revising his equations. Both are engaged in a process of trial, error, and elimination — the difference being that in science, it is the hypothesis that gets eliminated rather than the organism. Popper saw in this parallel the foundation of an open society: one that builds in mechanisms for correcting its own mistakes rather than suppressing the evidence that mistakes were made.

The second half of the collection turns to history and politics, where Popper is characteristically bracing. He is skeptical of any theory that claims to know where history is going, seeing such theories as the intellectual predecessors of totalitarianism. What he offers instead is more modest and more durable: the idea that progress is possible not through grand design but through the persistent, humble correction of specific wrongs. For readers new to Popper, this is an accessible entry point into a body of thought that has lost none of its urgency. For those already familiar with The Open Society and Its Enemies, the collection offers a late-career view of a thinker still actively refining his positions.

The Impossible Man: Roger Penrose and the Cost of Genius, by Patchen Barss

Patchen Barss spent six years writing this biography of Roger Penrose, speaking with him almost every week for five of those years, and the intimacy shows. Penrose — who won the Nobel Prize in Physics at 89 for proving that black holes must inevitably form from dying stars — is one of the most original mathematical minds of the twentieth century, the inventor of Penrose tiling, a collaborator with Stephen Hawking, and the author of ideas that still sit uneasily at the edge of what physics can explain. Barss gives us the full arc of that intellectual achievement with clarity and genuine enthusiasm. But the book’s real subject is announced in its subtitle: the cost of genius.

The cost, in Penrose’s case, was borne largely by the people around him. His longing for abstract knowledge was matched, Barss argues, by a corresponding difficulty in understanding — or prioritizing — the emotional needs of those close to him. The book draws on previously unopened personal archives and interviews with family and colleagues to present a figure whose final years were spent largely alone, by his own preference, with his research. The Impossible Man does not resolve the tension between Penrose’s gifts and his limitations, and it doesn’t try to. What it does instead is ask the question that runs beneath every great-mind biography: who makes the sacrifices that allow one person to be exceptional?

Khrushchev: The Man and His Era, by William Taubman

William Taubman spent nearly two decades researching this biography, and the result — winner of both the Pulitzer Prize and the National Book Critics Circle Award — stands as the definitive account of Nikita Khrushchev and, through him, of the Soviet system itself. Khrushchev’s life is, in miniature, the entire Soviet experiment: he was born a peasant, rose through the machinery of Stalinism to become one of its most effective instruments, and then, after Stalin’s death, staked his authority on denouncing everything he had helped build. The contradiction is not incidental. Taubman argues that it was constitutive — that understanding Khrushchev requires holding both facts simultaneously, without resolving the tension into a cleaner story.

Drawing on newly opened archives in Russia and Ukraine, interviews with Khrushchev’s family, and his own visits to the places where Khrushchev lived and worked, Taubman gives sustained psychological attention to a man who was genuinely difficult to read — impulsive, charismatic, capable of great brutality and surprising humanity, driven by a guilt he could never fully articulate. The chapters on the Cuban Missile Crisis are particularly arresting: here was a man who had spent his career mastering the Soviet system now trying to manage a confrontation for which no system had prepared him. Taubman’s narrative is brisk and confident across 650 pages, and the portrait that emerges is irreducibly human — which is, perhaps, the most unsettling thing about it.

Gambler: Secrets from a Life at Risk, by Billy Walters

Billy Walters grew up in poverty in rural Kentucky, was adopted into a family that offered little stability, and became — by most accounts — the most successful sports bettor in American history, at his peak overseeing more than a billion dollars in annual wagers. Gambler is his memoir, and it is at its best when it explains how he actually did it: by treating sports betting not as gambling in the colloquial sense but as applied information theory, analyzing line movements, injury reports, and market inefficiencies with the rigor of a quantitative investor. The analogy to value investing is one Walters makes explicitly, and it holds. He won because he worked harder and thought more carefully than the houses he was beating.

The memoir is less successful when it turns to the personal and legal catastrophes that punctuated his career — the federal insider-trading conviction involving Phil Mickelson, the cycles of enormous gain and devastating loss, the brushes with organized crime. Walters is candid but not always deeply reflective, and the book can feel, in its second half, more like a settlement of scores than an accounting. Still, as a portrait of a mind that found its sharpest expression in a domain most people dismiss, Gambler is genuinely interesting — and as a window into the economics of professional sports betting before legal markets transformed the industry, it is nearly irreplaceable.

Plays

Conversations with Mother, by Matthew Lombardo

Matthew Lombardo’s semi-autobiographical two-hander opened at Off-Broadway’s Theater 555 in February 2025, directed by Noah Himmelstein and starring Caroline Aaron (The Marvelous Mrs. Maisel) and Tony winner Matt Doyle (Company). The play moves across five decades in the relationship between Maria Collavechio, a fiercely opinionated Italian-American matriarch, and her gay son — cycling through the particular rhythms of that bond: the guilt, the tenderness, the ancient arguments that never quite resolve. At 85 minutes with no intermission, the pacing is brisk enough that the emotional register shifts often, from broad comedy to something that caught at least part of the audience audibly weeping on the night I saw it.

The reviews were divided, and that division is telling. Critics who wanted the play to be something more — a sustained dramatic arc, a genuine reckoning with the mother-son dynamic — found it thin. Critics who came for the performances found them more than enough. Aaron in particular is doing something that looks effortless and isn’t: she makes Maria funny and maddening and recognizable without tipping into caricature. The play is not trying to say anything new about the difficulty of loving difficult people; it is trying, more modestly, to render that difficulty with warmth and precision. On those terms, it largely succeeds.

Silence! The Musical, by Jon Kaplan and Al Kaplan

Silence! The Musical began life as an internet curiosity — a parody album imagining what a Broadway adaptation of The Silence of the Lambs might sound like — before its stage incarnation became an unlikely off-Broadway hit, winning the Outstanding Musical prize at the New York International Fringe Festival and Best New Musical from the Off Broadway Alliance. The conceit is exactly what it sounds like: every character from Jonathan Demme’s 1991 film has been given a showtune. Buffalo Bill dances a hoedown while kidnapping Catherine Martin. A chorus of floppy-eared lambs narrates the action. Hannibal Lecter, in his plexiglass cell, sings about the life he’d like to lead someday outside the prison walls. The premise sustains itself considerably longer than it has any right to.

What makes the show more than a one-joke concept is its surprising fidelity to the source material. The Kaplan brothers clearly love the film, and their parody works precisely because it takes the original seriously — the lambs, the claustrophobic procedural pacing, the specific texture of Clarice’s ambition and vulnerability. It is irreverent without being contemptuous, which is a harder balance to strike than it appears. For theatergoers who know the film well, there is the additional pleasure of watching something you thought was unstageable get staged, absurdly but with real craft.

Purpose, by Branden Jacobs-Jenkins

Purpose won the 2025 Pulitzer Prize for Drama and the Tony Award for Best Play, and both distinctions feel earned rather than dutiful. Branden Jacobs-Jenkins — whose previous work includes Appropriate and Gloria — has written a family drama set in an upper-middle-class Chicago household over the course of a weekend reunion that was supposed to be celebratory and becomes something else entirely. The Jasper family is Black, financially comfortable, and in the process of discovering how successfully they have repressed everything they would prefer not to examine. The snow falls outside. The play does not raise its voice.

What is remarkable about Purpose, and what distinguishes it from similar family-drama premises, is its interest in the gap between self-perception and reality — not as a psychological problem afflicting any one character, but as a structural condition of the family itself. Directed by Phylicia Rashad with what reviewers called a “steady, unshowy hand,” the production trusts its silences. Kara Young, who won the Tony for Best Featured Actress, delivers a performance of remarkable economy. The play is not interested in catharsis in the traditional sense; it is interested in recognition — the colder and more lasting experience of understanding exactly how you arrived where you are.

Blind Runner, by Amir Reza Koohestani

Performed in Farsi with English supertitles at St. Ann’s Warehouse in January 2025, Blind Runner is the work of Iranian playwright and director Amir Reza Koohestani, and it begins with a situation that is already almost impossible: a man in Paris receives a plea from his wife, a political prisoner in Iran, asking him to help train her friend — a blind woman — to run through the Channel Tunnel from France to the United Kingdom. The run is real. The politics surrounding it are real. And the question Koohestani builds the play around — whether an act of extreme physical endurance can also be an act of protest, and who that protest is for — is one that the play refuses to answer cleanly.

Koohestani’s signature, developed across thirty years of work, is the weaving of the personal and the political into a single strand that cannot be separated without losing both. Blind Runner is also, at its core, a play about marriage and about the particular form of love that requires one person to hold the world together while the other is detained. The production ran only three weeks, which is not unusual for the scale of work St. Ann’s Warehouse typically presents — but it is a genuinely rare piece of theater, “mesmerizing” and “stunningly performed,” and one that carries the weight of the ongoing struggle for women’s rights in Iran without reducing that struggle to backdrop.

Glengarry Glen Ross, by David Mamet

David Mamet wrote Glengarry Glen Ross in 1983, and the play won the Pulitzer Prize the following year. The Palace Theatre’s 2025 revival — directed by Patrick Marber with a cast headed by Kieran Culkin, Bob Odenkirk, Bill Burr, and Michael McKean — arrives at a moment when the play’s argument about American capitalism feels less like a critique and more like a weather report. The two acts unfold over two days in the lives of four Chicago real-estate salesmen competing to close leads on worthless plots of land, and the methods they are willing to use — flattery, manipulation, theft, betrayal — are not presented as exceptional. They are the job. The company’s brutal sales contest, which offers a Cadillac to the top performer and a pink slip to the bottom two, is the engine that drives everything, and Mamet never lets you forget that the men who devised the contest are nowhere on stage.

The 2025 production divided critics in ways that illuminate something real about the play itself. Those who found it flat were responding, I think, to a genuine tension in Mamet’s design: Glengarry is built around verbal bravado — its overlapping, profane, staccato dialogue is one of the most recognizable sounds in American theater — but the characters are also, beneath the patter, profoundly defeated men. When the star power of the cast draws attention to the performance rather than the desperation, the play’s mechanism misfires. Odenkirk’s Shelley Levene, a once-great salesman now running on fumes and false confidence, is the production’s anchor: he understands that the character’s real subject is not ambition but humiliation, and he plays it with an ache the fireworks elsewhere occasionally obscure. The play itself remains one of the sharpest things written about work in the twentieth century.

Books and more in 2024

These books and plays left an impression on me in 2024, with summaries compiled with the help of Perplexity and ChatGPT.

The Accidental President. Harry S. Truman and the Four Months That Changed the World. A. J. Baime

If not for the decision to drop the two bombs, Truman is the kind of leader that is hard not to respect. He did not want power; he did not want to be president, but when the moment came, he took it seriously and gave it his all.

On serving as Vice President:

The job was “a graveyard of politicians” in Washington parlance, traditionally disparaged by the men who held it. The VP before Truman, Henry Wallace, bragged that he had never had so much time to work on his tennis game. “The Vice President has not much to do,” Truman said, referring to himself as a “political Eunuch.” When asked what he would do with his “spare time,” he answered: “Study history”.

On dropping another A bomb (after the first two on August 6 and August 9!):

General Groves had communicated to the War Department on this day, saying the next bomb would be ready for delivery after August 17 or 18. But now, in the cabinet meeting, Truman said that he was ordering an end to the atomic bombing. He could not stomach the idea of wiping out another 100,000 people, of killing “all those kids,” he said to his cabinet.

Blood Meridian. Cormac McCarthy

Reading this book is a kind of nightmarish out-of-body experience. The language has the signature of a great master—original, unique, and enthralling. The violence is vivid and chilling.

Here is one of the main characters, Jidge Holder, talking about war:

It makes no difference what men think of war, said the judge. War endures. As well ask men what they think of stone. War was always here. Before man was, war waited for him. The ultimate trade awaiting its ultimate practitioner. That is the way it was and will be. That way and not some other way.

This book was so disturbing that I stopped listening to it about halfway through. I think one must be in the right state of mind to consume it entirely. Maybe I will return to it.

Democracy Awakening. Notes on the State of America. Heather Cox Richardson

Richardson is a historian and a professor of history at Boston College and has over 1.7 million subscribers on Substack. For comparison, the New York Times, with close to 6,000 employees, has about 11 million subscribers, and the Washington Post has about 2.5 million subscribers.

America is at a crossroads. A country that once stood as the global symbol of democracy has been teetering on the brink of authoritarianism. How did this happen? Is the fall of democracy in the United States inevitable? And if not, how can we reclaim our democratic principles? This crisis in American democracy crept up on many of us. For generations of Americans, grainy news footage from World War II showing row upon row of Nazi soldiers goose-stepping in military parades tricked us into thinking that the Adolf Hitlers of the world arrive at the head of giant armies. So long as we didn’t see tanks in our streets, we imagined that democracy was secure. But in fact, Hitler’s rise to absolute power began with his consolidation of political influence to win 36.8 percent of the vote in 1932, which he parlayed into a deal to become German chancellor. The absolute dictatorship came afterward.

Some people on the left compare Trump to Hitler. That is a very bad analogy; the circumstances are different, and Trump and Hitler are very different types of characters. When you look at the definition of fascism, however, this administration is starting to check off a lot of the boxes.

Going Infinite, The Rise and Fall of a New Tycoon. Michael Lewis

This a book about a sociopathic child prodigy known as SBF (Sam Bankman Freed), his meteoric rise to fame and fortune as part of the FTX crypto exchange, and its spectacular collapse.

I started reading Lewis, beginning with Lier Poker, a book that was read and quoted by everyone who worked or wanted to work on Wall Street. Since I am fascinated with fraud, particularly when done on a massive scale, I couldn’t pass this up and Lewis did not disappoint. Here is a typical passage.

A guy from Blackstone, the world’s biggest private investment firm, called Sam to say that he thought a valuation of $20 billion was too high—and that Blackstone would invest at a valuation of $15 billion. “Sam said, ‘If you think it is too high, I’ll let you short a billion of our stock at a valuation of twenty billion,’” recalled Ramnik. “The guy said, ‘We don’t short stock.’ And Sam said that if you worked at Jane Street you’d be fired the first week.

Ultimately, the fraud was using customer deposits from the FTX exchange to cover trades at Alameda Research, which is so obviously wrong and illegal that Enron’s Jeffrey Skilling would slap himself silly for working so hard to design much more sophisticated off-balance sheet liability schemes.

It was never clear where Alameda Research stopped and FTX started. Legally separate companies, they were both owned by the same person. They occupied the same big room on the twenty-sixth floor of an office building. They shared the same vista of the forest of high-rises surrounding Victoria Harbor and, twenty miles beyond that, China.

Everything and More. A Compact History of Infinity. By David Foster Wallace

I ran out of DFW’s fiction and essays, and so I turned to this volume to get the great writer’s take on what seems to be his favorite subject — mathematics.

DFW is not a mathematical newb, but he is not a professional mathematician either. No matter. Given his unforgettable writing style and deep fascination with the subject, reading this book is a joy.

In the following, DFW touches on the age-old question of the existence of mathematical objects, meta-questions of existence itself, and some apparently physical phenomena like motion thrown in for good measure.

What exactly do ‘motion’ and ‘existence’ denote? We know that concrete particular things exist, and that sometimes they move. Does motion per se exist? In what way? In what way do abstractions exist? Of course, that last question is itself very abstract. Now you can probably feel the headache starting. There’s a special sort of unease or impatience with stuff like this. Like ‘What exactly is existence?’ or ‘What exactly do we mean when we talk about motion?’ The unease is very distinctive and sets in only at a certain level in the abstraction process—because abstraction proceeds in levels, rather like exponents or dimensions. Let’s say ‘man’ meaning some particular man is Level One. ‘Man’ meaning the species is Level Two. Something like ‘humanity’ or ‘humanness’ is Level Three; now we’re talking about the abstract criteria for something qualifying as human. And so forth. Thinking this way can be dangerous, weird. Thinking abstractly enough about anything … surely we’ve all had the experience of thinking about a word—‘pen,’ say—and of sort of saying the word over and over to ourselves until it ceases to denote; the very strangeness of calling something a pen begins to obtrude on the consciousness in a creepy way, like an epileptic aura.

From Beirut to Jerusalem. Thomas L. Friedman

Friedman was a journalist working in the Middle East in 197os and 1980s and lived in Beirut during the Lebanese civil war.

Of Beirut, Friedman said:

Beirut’s enduring lesson for me was how thin is the veneer of civilization, how easily the ties that bind can unravel, how quickly a society that was known for generations as the Switzerland of the Middle East can break apart into a world of strangers. I have never looked at the world the same since I left Beirut. It was like catching a glimpse of the underside of a rock or the mess of wires and chips that are hidden inside a computer.

On the differences in news coverage:

When Israelis were indirectly involved in the massacre of Palestinians at the Sabra and Shatila refugee camps in Beirut in 1982, the story was front-page news for weeks. When Lebanese Shiites were directly involved in killing Palestinians in the very same camps from 1985 to 1988, it was almost always back-page news—if it was reported at all.

The Maniac. Benjamín Labatut

“The MANIAC” by Benjamín Labatut is a 2023 novel that blends fact and fiction to explore the life of John von Neumann, a brilliant mathematician and polymath. The book is structured as a triptych, beginning with the story of physicist Paul Ehrenfest, centering on von Neumann’s life and work, and concluding with the AI program AlphaGo’s match against Go master Lee Sedol. The novel delves into von Neumann’s numerous contributions to various fields, including game theory, computer science, and artificial intelligence.

Gödel had shown him that if someone succeeded in creating a formal system of axioms that was free of all internal paradoxes and contradictions, it would always be incomplete, because it would contain truths and statements that—while being undeniably true—could never be proven within the laws of that system

Before Gödel, Von Neumann was working on axiomizing mathematics, but the incompleteness theorem had such an impact on him that all of his subsequent work had an applied nature.

All Who Go Do Not Return. Shulem Deen

Published in 2015, the book chronicles Deen’s journey from being a devout member of the Skverer Hasidic sect to losing his faith and ultimately leaving the community.

Deen was raised in the Skverer community, one of the most secluded Hasidic groups in the United States. He married at 18 through an arranged marriage and soon had five children. His first small act of rebellion was turning on a radio, which led to visits to the library and later, the Internet.

As Deen began to question his religious beliefs, he found himself caught between his growing doubts and the fear of being ostracized from the only world he knew. This eventually resulted in him abandoning his community and his faith. The memoir describes the painful consequences of Deen’s departure from the Hasidic community, including the end of his 15-year marriage and the eventual estrangement from his five children.

If the Talmud was built on the purported word of God, that word struck you as suspiciously human, with ambiguities and layers of meaning and all the arbitrariness of human language. The very idea of faith suggested something man-made–the idea that we must submit to conviction, rather than simply behold the universe in its natural order.

On the Edge. The Art of Risking Everything. Nate Silver

Published in August 2024, “On the Edge” is an exploration of risk-taking and decision-making in various domains. The book introduces the concept of “The River,” a metaphorical community of risk-takers and analytical thinkers, contrasting it with “The Village,” which represents more conventional, risk-averse mindsets.

Silver delves into multiple areas where calculated risk-taking plays a crucial role, including:

Gambling and poker
Financial markets and Wall Street
Technology startups
Artificial intelligence
Cryptocurrency

Here is Silver quoting George Bernard Shaw.

The reasonable man adapts himself to the world: the unreasonable one persists in trying to adapt the world to himself. Therefore all progress depends on the unreasonable man. —George Bernard Shaw

The Signal and the Noise. Why So Many Predictions Fail – but Some Don’t. Nate Silver

After reading “On the Edge” and liking it, I read Silver’s first book.

“The Signal and the Noise: Why So Many Predictions Fail – but Some Don’t” is an exploration of the art and science of prediction across various fields. Published in 2012, the book examines why many predictions fail and how we can improve our forecasting abilities.

Silver draws on his experience in baseball analytics, poker, and political blogging to analyze prediction methods in diverse areas such as weather forecasting, earthquakes, economics, and terrorism. He argues that while we have access to more data than ever before, distinguishing meaningful information (the signal) from irrelevant or misleading data (the noise) has become increasingly challenging.

Key points of the book include:

The importance of probabilistic thinking and embracing uncertainty in predictions.
The value of the Bayesian approach to probability, updating our prior beliefs after observing evidence.
The dangers of overfitting models to data, leading to false confidence in predictions.
The need for humility and continuous learning in the face of complex systems.

In statistics, the name given to the act of mistaking noise for a signal is overfitting

Indeed it is.

Nine Lives. Aimen Dean

“Nine Lives” is a memoir by Aimen Dean, co-authored with Paul Cruickshank and Tim Lister, detailing Dean’s journey from al-Qaeda operative to MI6 spy. Published in 2018, the book offers a rare insider’s perspective on the world of jihadist organizations and counterterrorism efforts.

Dean, born as Ali, began his journey as a devout Muslim fighting for the Bosnian cause. His experiences in Bosnia, including witnessing atrocities and narrowly escaping death, solidified his commitment to jihad. He later joined al-Qaeda, becoming one of their respected bomb-makers and swearing allegiance to Osama bin Laden.

However, Dean’s faith in al-Qaeda’s mission began to waver. In a pivotal decision, he chose to become a double agent for British intelligence, working undercover within al-Qaeda’s chemical weapons program.

The Strangest Man. The Hidden Life of Paul Dirac, Mystic of the Atom. Graham Farmelo

Paul Dirac was born in 1902 in Bristol to a Swiss father and English mother. His childhood was marked by a difficult family dynamic, with a domineering father who insisted on speaking only French to his children. This led to strained relationships and traumatic experiences for young Paul.

Dirac was a pioneer in quantum mechanics and made contributions to theoretical physics:

Generally considered to have co-discovered quantum mechanics
Married quantum mechanics with special relativity in his theory of the electron
Predicted the existence of antimatter, specifically the anti-electron (positron) in 1931

Dirac was known for his extreme reticence and literal-mindedness, earning him a reputation as “the strangest man” in physics. Despite his reserved nature, he married Manci Balazs (sister of physicist Eugene Wigner) in 1937 and had two daughters.

The book explores Dirac’s lasting impact on physics and his unique approach to scientific research:

Believed in the “religion of mathematical beauty” as a guiding principle in his work
Received the Nobel Prize in Physics in 1933
Considered one of the most influential physicists of the 20th century

Farmelo’s biography provides a detailed account of Dirac’s life against the backdrop of major historical events, including the rise of Nazism and World War II.

Plays

Prayer for the French Republic by Joshua Harmon

The core premise of “Prayer for the French Republic” is about a French-Jewish family grappling with their place in a world where antisemitism persists across generations. It explores the contrast between their ancestors’ survival during World War II and the fears they face in modern France, questioning what it means to feel safe, belong, and carry on their cultural and familial legacy in a society that often feels hostile.

The Night of the Iguana by Tennessee Williams

This play is about a disgraced former clergyman, Reverend Shannon, who seeks refuge at a remote Mexican hotel after a personal and professional breakdown. There, he encounters a group of misfit characters, including the hotel’s earthy owner, Maxine, and a lonely artist, Hannah. Through their interactions, the play explores themes of redemption, human frailty, and the longing for connection, set against the backdrop of a tropical storm that mirrors the characters’ emotional turmoil.

The Hunt by David Farr

“The Hunt” is a play adapted by David Farr from the 2012 Danish film “Jagten” by Thomas Vinterberg and Tobias Lindholm. It tells the story of Lucas, a well-liked schoolteacher in a small Danish town whose life unravels when a young student falsely accuses him of sexual abuse. As the accusation spreads, the tight-knit community descends into mass hysteria, turning against Lucas and blurring the lines between truth and suspicion. Directed by Rupert Goold and featuring Tobias Menzies, the production delves into themes of innocence, trust, and the destructive power of collective fear.

Doubt: a Parable by John Patrick Shanley

The play is set in a Bronx Catholic school in 1964, where Sister Aloysius, the strict and feared principal, suspects Father Flynn, a charismatic priest, of inappropriate conduct with a student. This suspicion sets off an exploration of morality, authority, and the elusive nature of truth as Sister Aloysius confronts Father Flynn, leading both characters and the audience to grapple with their own convictions and uncertainties.

Appropriate by Branden Jacobs-Jenkins

“Appropriate” follows the dysfunctional Lafayette family as they return to a decaying plantation mansion in Arkansas to settle their recently deceased father’s estate. The play is set in the summer of 2011.

As the family gathers, they discover a shocking photo album containing images of lynched Black people among their father’s possessions. This discovery unleashes decades of resentment and forces the family to confront centuries of historical sin.

The play explores themes of legacy, race, and family secrets. It delves into the complexities of family dynamics, with each character bringing their own perspective and baggage to the situation. Toni, for instance, sees herself as a truth-teller and believes she has spent her life caring for others, including her father.

All of Me (The New Group) by Laura Winters

“All of Me” is a romantic comedy play by Laura Winters, presented by The New Group at the Pershing Square Signature Center in New York City. The play, which ran through June 16, 2024, offers a fresh take on the classic rom-com formula by centering on two disabled protagonists who use text-to-speech technology to communicate.

The story follows Lucy (played by Madison Ferris), who uses a motorized scooter, and Alfonso (played by Danny J. Gomez), who uses a motorized wheelchair. They meet outside a hospital and begin a flirtatious exchange, which leads to a budding romance. The play explores their relationship as they navigate personal challenges, family dynamics, and societal expectations.

Uncle Vanya (Lincoln Center) by Anton Chekhov

“Uncle Vanya” is a play that explores themes of disillusionment, unrequited love, and the search for meaning in life. The story centers around Ivan Voynitsky (Vanya), played by Steve Carell, who manages the rural estate of his deceased sister’s husband, Professor Serebryakov. When Serebryakov visits with his new, younger wife Yelena, tensions rise as Vanya’s resentment towards the professor’s selfishness and his own unfulfilled life boil over. Vanya’s declaration of love to Yelena is rebuffed, and his anger culminates in a failed attempt to shoot Serebryakov after the professor suggests selling the estate. Ultimately, the professor and Yelena depart, leaving Vanya and his niece Sonya to return to their monotonous lives, finding solace in the hope of a better afterlife.

I am a big fan of Chechov’s short stories, but this production did not land for me. Maybe it’s because I can’t consume it in English.

Our Class by Tadeusz Slobodzianek

“Our Class” is a powerful play that follows ten Polish classmates—five Jewish and five Catholic—over several decades. The story begins with their childhood friendships but takes a devastating turn as antisemitism and bigotry lead to betrayal and violence. Based on real events, including a 1941 pogrom in a Polish village, the play explores themes of prejudice, cruelty, and the complexities of human relationships. It traces the characters’ lives from innocence to tragedy, examining how ordinary people can become complicit in horrific acts.

Bad Kreyòl by Dominique Morisseau

The story follows Simone, a Haitian-American woman who visits Haiti to stay with her cousin Gigi, who owns a boutique in Port-au-Prince. Their grandmother’s dying wish was for the cousins to rekindle their relationship. As Simone attempts to connect with her roots and engage in social justice efforts, she encounters cultural barriers and misunderstandings that challenge her American perspective.

Books 2023

The following is a list of books that made an impression on me in 2023. I listen to most non-technical books on Audible and read technical content on paper or my iPad.

The Trial, Franz Kafka (1925)

Franz Kafka wrote The Trial in 1914 and 1915, and it was published in 1925, according to Wikipedia. This famous work was particularly interesting to me, having grown up under a totalitarian regime. I wanted to read it for a long time, and I am glad I did, but it was an infuriating experience, as I am sure the author intended. The next level in this book is not that a citizen is unable to defend himself against the charges brought by the state; in this, there is nothing unusual as evident, for example, by the current trials under Putin and many before and after him, but rather that the protagonist, Joseph K., doesn’t even know what he is charged with.

Alan Turing: The Enigma, Andrew Hodges (1983)

Alen Turing was a British mathematician and arguably the first computer scientist. This is a thorough biography starting with Turing’s early life and education at King’s College, Cambridge, where he demonstrated remarkable facility with mathematics.

In his 1936 paper, “On computable numbers with an application to Entscheidungsproblem (decision or decidability problem),” he introduced what we now call a Turing Machine. The neat thing about the Turing Machine is that it is a purely theoretical construct, unlike, say, a Von Newman computer, which is a design of a digital computer. Turing Machine is a mathematical abstraction that can compute anything computable, and in the paper, Turing showed that not all things can be computed. This is a mind-blowingly general result.

Other details include Turing’s work at Bletchley part where he led the effort to crack the Nazi Enigma code (using Bayesian methods). The British government thanked Turing for his work by criminally charging him with “acts of gross indecency” (Turing was gay) and ordering him to undergo chemical castration. Alan Turing committed suicide in 1954 when he was 41.

Both Flesh and Not, David Foster Wallace (2012)

This is a collection of essays from my favorite essayist, and it did not disappoint. DFW’s fascination with tennis continues with an essay about Roger Federer, which is the book’s title.

Here is an opening quote:

It’s the finals of the 2005 U.S. Open, Federer serving to Andre Agassi early in the fourth set. There’s a medium-long exchange of groundstrokes, one with the distinctive butterfly shape of today’s power-baseline game, Federer and Agassi yanking each other from side to side, each trying to set up the baseline winner… until suddenly Agassi hits a hard heavy cross-court back hand that pulls Federer way out wide to his ad (= his left) side, and Federer gets to it but slices the stretch backhand short, a couple feet past the service line, which of course is the sort of thing Agassi dines out on, and as Federer’s scramblierfng to reverse and get back to center, Agassi’s moving in to take the short ball on the rise, and he smacks it hard right back into the same ad corner, trying to wrong-foot Federer, which in fact he does—Federer’s still near the corner but running toward the centerline, and the ball’s heading to a point behind him now, where he just was, and there’s no time to turn his body around, and Agassi’s following the shot in to the net at an angle from the backhand side… and what Federer now does is somehow instantly reverse thrust and sort of skip backward three or four steps, impossibly fast, to hit a forehand out of his backhand corner, all his weight moving backward, and the forehand is a topspin screamer down the line past Agassi at net, who lunges for it but the ball’s past him, and it flies straight down the sideline and lands exactly in the deuce corner of Agassi’s side, a winner—Federer’s still dancing backward as it lands.

Wallace loves these near-infinite sentences even in assays (his fiction is full of them) and is one of the few authors who can get away with it.

Another tennis essay in the collection is DEMOCRACY AND COMMERCE AT THE U.S. OPEN. Those who know DFW’s work will recognize his fascination with advertising.

For the mathematically inclined, there is RHETORIC AND THE MATH MELODRAMA. Wallace has an appreciation for mathematics (he was an English and Philosophy major with a particular interest in modal logic). This essay introduced me to G. H. Hardy’s “A Mathematician’s Apology,” which I will discuss later.

The Plot Against America, Philip Roth (2004)

I am pretty sure this book reads differently today, after Trump and the October 7 Hamas massacre, than it did when it came out. The premise is that Charles Lindbergh, a famous American aviator and a purported Nazi sympathizer, becomes president with somewhat obvious consequences, including the rise of anti-semitism, relocation of Jews, and so on. Roth is a master storyteller, and this book is a page-turner. I hear HBO has the miniseries now.

This story reminded me of another famous (Lativian) aviator and a Nazi collaborator, Herberts Cukurs, who earned a well-deserved nickname, the Butcher of Latvia. Mossad agents eventually assassinated Cukurs in Urugvaj, while Lindbergh died on Maui of lymphoma, having designed his own coffin.

Open An Autobiography, Ande Aggasi (2000)

This book is ghost-written by J. R. Moehringer and is the best sports biography I have ever read; it is the only sports biography I have ever read if I am being honest. Moehringer also wrote Phil Night’s Shoe Dog, a gripping story of the founder of Nike.

As DFW often noted, it is hard to imagine what it is like to be number one in the world in anything, much less something as competitive as tennis. Stories about Aggasi’s deranged father alone are worth the price of admission. Nothing was easy for Aggasi, but what he lacked in talent (which was not much), he made up in sheer will and perseverance. I found the book inspiring- it put me in a better mood every time I listened.

Educated A Memoir, Tara Westover (2018)

This is another “I can’t believe she made it” book that is both horrifying and uplifting. You can’t help but root for Tara as she navigates her abusive family, particularly her physically and emotionally abusive brother Shawn (pseudonym).

Einstein His Life and Universe, Walter Isaacson (2007)

I read a few Isaacson biographies, and this one has been on my list for a long time. An ardent pacifist, who at one point believed that young people should refuse military service, Einstein gradually changed his mind observing the rise of Nazis. He worried that the Germans would develop the bomb first and encouraged President Roosevelt to fund the development of nuclear weapons, which eventually led to the Manhattan Project (he did not participate in the project directly).

The eventual Nobel Prize was not for relativity but rather for his work on the photoelectric effect, which improved our understanding of light and made possible future inventions like solar panels and any other devices that convert light into electricity.

Martin Gardner has an amusing essay in his book “Fads and Fallacies in the Name of Science” called “Down with Einstein!” In it, Gardner describes a few of Einstein’s skeptics (haters in modern parlance), some of whom unleashed a tsunami of invectives on the physicist. Here is an example of one attack by Jeremiah J. Callahan, a priest (*) and a student of Euclidean geometry, albeit a not-very-good one:

We certainly cannot consider Einstein as one who shines as a scientific discoverer in the domain of physics, but rather as one who in a fuddled sort of way is merely trying to find some meaning for mathematical formulas in which he himself does not believe too strongly, but which he is hoping against hope somehow to establish…. Einstein has not a logical mind.

(*) Lots of priests contributed to science; my favorite, of course, is Reverend Thomas Bayes.

Lying for Money, Dan Davies (2022)

This was Andrew’s (the Gel-dog, as my friend Arya calls him) recommendation, and you can read his detailed review here. As Andrew points out, the neat thing about this book is how Davies, who is an economist by training, considers fraud to be a necessary consequence of any functioning economy in that there is an optimal level of fraud — too little, and you are spending way too much money on prevention and punishment; too much, and you are losing too much in direct damages.

Case studies include Charles Ponzi, Bernie Madoff, Enron, Nick Leeson and the Collapse of Barings Bank (new to me), The South Sea Bubble, and The Nigerian Email scams.

Travels with Charley in Search of America, John Steinbeck (1962)

This was pure comfort food. Tom Hanks recommended it to me (and thousands of other people who listened to the Marc Maron interview.) I started reading Steinbeck in my 30s when I decided it was time to learn about the American experience from quintessentially American writers.

The book is Steinbeck’s travelogue recorded in the 1950s when the author decided to take a journey across America aboard his truck, which he nicknamed Rocinante (*), and accompanied by his poodle Charlie. During the travels, Steinbeck interacts with ordinary Americans and, among other things, experiences the racial tensions and tropes prevalent at the time.

(*) Rocinante was the name of Don Quixote’s horse.

Nobody’s Fool, Daniel Simons & Christopher Chabris (2023)

This is another one of Andrew’s recommendations. I share Adnrew’s fascination with all kinds of fraud, so I usually take his recommendations on the topic.

The book has many exciting examples, including the famous Princess Card Trick. If you haven’t seen it, it’s worth checking it out. Did you figure it out? Yes, all the original cards were replaced, not just the one you focused on.

Another one is statisticians’ favorite which goes by the name of survivorship bias. During WWII, the army tried to figure out how to retrofit B-17 bombers returning from their missions by looking at the pattern of damages they sustained. Suppose you see the following damage pattern.

On a casual inspection, you may want to retrofit the areas where the bullet holes are, but Abraham Wald realized that that would be a mistake. The reason why we do not observe any bullet holes in the blue areas is because the planes that were hit there did not make it back from their missions, and therefore this is where you should fortify the aircraft.

Here are some observations from their section on our collective lack of excitement for situations when something important is being prevented.

We complain when a medication has side effects or doesn’t resolve our symptoms right away, but we don’t think about the possibility that we might have gotten much sicker without it.

Successful precautions to prevent a catastrophic flood go unheralded, but a failed levee draws public ire.

We respond with accusations when a bridge collapses, but we don’t support the engineers who have documented the need for repairs for decades—much less give any thought to the engineers who have kept all the other bridges standing.

Governments might move mountains to respond to an acute health crisis, but health departments responsible for preventing such crises in the first place are chronically underfunded.

The Hundred Years’ War on Palestine, Rashid Khalidi (2020)

This was a difficult book for me, particularly after October 7, when I decided to read it. Khalidi is a Professor of Modern Arab Studies at Columbia University who has deep familiar roots in the region — his great-great uncle was Yusuf Diya al-Khalidi (1842–1906), a mayor of Jerusalem.

The book examines the formation and development of the state of Israel from the Palestinian perspective, starting from the Balfour Declaration in 1917 to the present day; it does not contain any anti-Semitic tropes (just in case you are wondering). To my knowledge, no one had disputed the historical accounts presented in the book (*), but some (not me) objected to the tone.

When trying to understand the world, I believe it is important to consider all credible perspectives, and this book was an important contribution to my understanding of the Middle East and the long-standing conflicts therein.

(*) Dmitry points me to the article by Diana Muir, “A Land without a People for a People without a Land.” In it, she cites some evidence that, contrary to Khalidi’s claim, the use of the slogan was not central to the early Zionist movement.

The Dispossessed, Ursula K. Le Guin (1974)

This was my second book by LeGuin. The first one was The Left Hand of Darkness, which left no impression on me when I read it the first time in college and completely blew my mind when I reread it in 2023. I guess there is a time and place for everything.

The story is set on twin planets Urras and Anarres. Urras is rich and abundant, reminiscent of Earth, with complex societies, including one that mirrors capitalist and patriarchal structures. In contrast, Anarres is a barren world where settlers, inspired by the anarchist teachings of Odo, have created a society without government, private property, or hierarchies.

The protagonist, Shevek, is a brilliant physicist from Anarres. His journey to Urras marks the first time in nearly two centuries that someone from the anarchist society of Anarres visits the capitalist Urras. Shevek’s goal is to complete and share his theory of time, which could revolutionize communication and travel in the universe.
ChatGPT 4

What I love about LeGuin is that the science part of her science fiction is beside the point. I wouldn’t even call it science fiction. She creates alternative worlds where different social, moral, and political structures are explored and developed with consequences that seem logical to LeGuin. The alien planets and peoples are a literary device, but their presence illuminates the presentation.

Infinite Powers How Calculus Reveals the Secrets of the Universe, Steven Strogatz (2019)

I hate certain popular books, particularly those that dumb things down so much there is nothing of substance left or, worse, a completely distorted picture of the subject. The airport bookstore is full of them, and I try to avoid them at all costs. This book is the opposite — it explores integral and differential calculus with some history of the subject sprinkled in; it is neither a textbook nor a purely popular book. There are equations, but they are presented with such clarity and context that I feel like anyone with basic knowledge of high-school math should be able to appreciate the underlying beauty that emerges when you slice things into infinitely many pieces and put them back together. Derivatives, integrals, power series, it’s all there.

A Mathematician’s Apology, G. H. Hardy (1940)

David Foster Wallace recommended this book, and it did not disappoint. It presents the opposite view of mathematics than Strogatz’s Infinite Powers, which I believe is shared by many professional mathematicians. Hardy was interested in pure math, so he found engineering mathematics, like calculus, dull. Moreover, he enjoyed the fact that pure math has no practical utility. In his words:

It is undeniable that a good deal of elementary mathematics—and I use the word ‘elementary’ in the sense in which professional mathematicians use it, in which it includes, for example, a fair working knowledge of the differential and integral calculus—has considerable practical utility. These parts of mathematics are, on the whole, rather dull; they are just the parts which have the least aesthetic value.

He continues:

The ‘real’ mathematics of the ‘real’ mathematicians, the mathematics of Fermat and Euler and Gauss and Abel and Riemann, is almost wholly ‘useless’ (and this is as true of ‘applied’ as of ‘pure’ mathematics). It is not possible to justify the life of any genuine professional mathematician on the ground of the ‘utility’ of his work.

This is an exaggeration, I think. For example, Gauss’s work on error functions is of great practical significance to statisticians, and of course, there is a Riemann integral. Nonetheless, I love Hardy’s mathematical puritanism.

Hardy’s love of pure math was not simply esthetic — he hoped that by practicing pure math, no weapons of war and destruction could be created using his tools. He was a pacificist, you see, a much more ardent one than Einstein.

Other Books

Other notable books that I keep coming back to and picking at are The Road to Reality: A Complete Guide to the Laws of the Universe by Roger Penrose (which got me excited about Complex Analysis), but I never got past Fourier Analysis, Theoretical Minimum by Leonard Susskind (I got through the Lagrangian Mechanics but want to read more), Fads and Falacies by Martin Gardner, Regression and Other Stories by Andrew Gelman et al. (I am reading the Causal Inference chapters), and The History of Statistics: The Measurement of Uncertainty Before 1900, by Stephen Stigler.

Learning Bayes from books and online classes

In 2012 I wrote a couple of posts on how to learn statistics without going to grad school. Re-reading it now, it still seems like pretty good advice, although it’s a bit too machine learning and Coursera heavy for my current tastes. One annoying gap at the time was the lack of online resources for learning Bayesian statistics. This is no longer the case, and so here are my top three resources for learning Bayes.

Richard McElreath from the Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology recently published the second edition of Statistical Rethinking. In the book, he builds up to inference from probability and first principles and assumes only a basic background in math. I don’t love the obscure chapter names (makes it hard to figure out what’s inside) but this is the kind of book I wish I had when I was learning statistics. The example code had been ported to lots of languages including Stan, PyMC3, Julia, and more. Richard is currently teaching a class called “Statistical Rethinking: A Bayesian Course” with all the materials including lecture videos available on GitHub. For updated videos, check out his YouTube channel.

Aki Vehtari from Aalto University in Finland released his popular Bayesian Data Analysis course online — you can now take it at your own pace. This course uses the 3rd edition of the Bayesian Data Analysis book, available for free in PDF form. This is probably the most comprehensive Bayesian course on the Internet today — his demos in R and Python, lecture notes, and videos are all excellent. I highly recommend it.

For those of us who learned statistics the wrong way or who want to see the comparison to frequentist methods, see Ben Lambert’s “A Student’s Guide to Bayesian Statistics.” His corresponding YouTube lectures are excellent and I refer to them often.

Although not explicitly focused on Bayesian Inference, Regression and Other Stories by Andrew Gelman, Jenifer Hill, and Aki Vehtari is a great book on how to build up and evaluate common regression models while using Bayesian software (rstanarm package). The book covers Causal Inference, which is an unusual and welcome addition to an applied regression book. The book does not cover hierarchical models which will be covered in the not-yet-released “Applied Regression and Multilevel Models.” All the code examples are available on Aki’s website. Aki also has a list of his favorite statistics books.

Finally, I would be remiss not to mention my favorite probability book called “Introduction to Probability” by Joe Blitzstein. The book is available for free in PDF form. Joe has a corresponding class on the EdX platform and his lecture series on YouTube kept me on my spin bike for many morning hours. Another great contribution from team Joe (compiled by William Chen and Joe Blitzstein, with contributions from Sebastian Chiu, Yuan Jiang, Yuqi Hou, and Jessy Hwang) is the probability cheat sheet, currently in its second edition.

What are your favorite Bayesian resources on the Internet? Let us know in the comments.

The Book of Where

I have some exciting news to share — my co-author, Tony Schwartz and I, just signed a contract to write what surely will become a best seller: The Book of Where.

The book is a culmination of years of research into a revolutionary new science that is concerned with figuring out, you know, where things are.

For generations geographers, cartographers, topographers, sailors, and other location scientists have been trying in vain to pin down the idea of location and missing it by a mile. Sure they have their Mercator projections, triangulations, GPS, and other round-about contraptions, but what they don’t have is a language of location that is capable of precisely identifying this elusive entity. Until now.

We have come up with an operator that makes it possible, finally, to uncover, you know, where shit is. Yes, you guessed it, it is the find() operator and the corresponding find-calculus.

And it’s not all theory! If you order the book, you will be able to answer such age-old questions as:

Where the f*ck are my keys?
Where is the Bermuda triangle and how to get there?
What is a map anyway?

Tony and I are thrilled to get this in front of popular audiences and we are looking forward to a productive public discussion about this important topic.

Now, go out there and find something!

Good Thinking

“The subjectivist (i.e. Bayesian) states his judgements, whereas the objectivist sweeps them under the carpet by calling assumptions knowledge, and he basks in the glorious objectivity of science.” – I.J. Good

Irving J. Good was a mathematician and a statistician of the Bayesian variety. During the war, he worked with Alan Turing at Bletchley Park and later was a research professor of statistics at Virginia Tech. Good was convinced of the utility of Bayesian methods when most of the academy was dead set against it; that took a certain amount of courage and foresight.

One the delightful aspects of this book is that Good’d humor and sarcasm are so clearly on display. For instance, one of the chapters is called 46656 Varieties of Bayesians, where he derives this number using a combinatorial argument.

In the above quote, Good zooms in on what he considers to be the difference between the frequentist (objectivist) and Bayesian schools. This argument seems to hold to this day. In my experience interacting with Bayesians and Frequentists, particularly in Biostatistics is that Bayesians tend to work from first principles making their assumptions explicit by writing down the data generating process. Frequentists tend to use black box modeling tools that have hidden assumptions. The confounding variable here is this desire for writing down the likelihood (and priors) directly, versus relying on some function like say glm() in R to do it for you. As a side note, glm() in R does not regularize the coefficient estimates and so it will fail when data are completey separable.

The key insight is that nothing precludes Frequentists from working with likelihoods directly, and many do, but I bet that most don’t.

Another subtle difference is that people, being naturally Bayesian, generally rely on prior probabilities when making judgments. Priors are always there, even under the Frequentist framework, but some very famous and very clever Frequentists failed to take them into account, as demonstrated by this amusing bit from Good:

Talks, Lectures, and Workshops. What is the Difference?

I am about to go on a mini speaking tour and in preparation I am skimming Scott Berkun’s “Confession of a Public Speaker.” I like this book, but while reading it I realized that I will be giving two different types of “speeches”. Let’s call them talks and workshops, and even though in both cases the subject will be Stan, the audience’s expectations will be different and my presentation must reflect those differences. In particular, Scott’s book is a lot more relevant to talks than workshops.

Most inexperiences speakers assume that the people who come to their talks want to learn something and some people do have that expectation, but those are usually inexperienced consumers of talks. The truth is that it is very unlikely that you will learn something during a talk. Learning is a hard and active process and it is not going to happen by passively absorbing sound and light waves in a reclining position. The most realistic goals for a talk is to inspire people to learn more about the subject. This is a difficult task for the presenter, but if you want to know how to do it well, I highly recommend Scott’s book.

A workshop is a different animal. As the name suggests, the participants will be working alongside the presenters and in so doing are hoping to come away with enough initial knowledge to jump start their own exploration. People who attend the workshop have already been inspired to learn more and the bar is therefore higher than during a talk. So what are the important attributes of a good workshop?

To think about that, image you are taking a technical class at a University. You are listening to a lecture. Are you at a talk or at a workshop? The listening part gives it away. Most likely you are at an uninspiring talk that should instead be a workshop. In order for the workshop to go well, here is my short of list of requirements:

Participants should have the required background at the right level of abstraction
If this is a computing workshop, participants already installed and tested the required software
Presenters have designed a series of exercises that gradually guide the audience through a set of hands on tasks each illuminating a different part of the subject
Participants have a chance to discuss the problem and their solutions with each other and with the instructors
There is a mechanism for the immediate feedback that tells the instructors if the majority have mastered the task

As a presenter, I can not control 1 and 2, but I must make it easy for people to assess their level of knowledge and software installation instructions must be clear.

Creating exercises is very time consuming, but I believe necessary for workshop style learning. Time for discussions can be weaved into the exercises and the output of the exercises can be shared with the rest of the class. Which brings me to the feedback mechanism, which is perhaps the most often overlooked aspect of the workshop.

I don’t have much experience with a feedback system during workshops, but I have used live surveys during talks and they work really well. For computing workshops, I would like to experiment with live code editors, where participants have a chance to post their code, their questions, and the error messages to the shared workspace. This would only work for moderate size groups, but I it seems to me that workshops should only be conducted in relatively small groups (say 50 people or fewer).

If you have any pointers on how to make the workshop experience better, feel free to post them in the comments.

Thoreau: Thoughts on his Indictment and Defense

I never read Walden, not in its entirety anyway. I read most of the first chapter. It was dreadful. I still remember struggling to keep up with the narrative and wondering why is this such a big deal. Overall, I love the message of the simple life, civil disobedience, and living as one with nature. I do not love the apparently hypocritical obsession with seclusion and the disdain for all humanity. But this, of course, is a very shallow view of Thoreau. But then again, I do not have the patience to study him deeply. Fortunately, Kathryn Schultz and Jedediah Purdy do and offer an indictment of the man and somewhat halfhearted defense.

I really enjoyed reading both of these, but perhaps not surprisingly I found the indictment more convincing. The defence goes something like this. Sure, Thoreau was a hypocrite and an asshole, but we should not blame the message for the messenger (i.e. ad hominem or an opposite of blaming the messenger) even though in this case it happens to be the same person. I can get behind this argument. In science and in business there were and surely are lots of arrogant assholes, who nevertheless made important contributions. John Nash, despite a very favorable portrayal in the movie Beautiful Mind (the book is much less flattering), was not a very nice man. Steve Jobs was no sweetheart either. And so on. So, is Thoreau’s message important enough to stand on its own? That I am not qualified to answer, but a contrarian and anti-authoritarian in me wants to believe it that it is.

Thanks to Bryan Lewis for pointing me to these articles on his web page.

First Two Weeks of Writing

Jacki and I just submitted the first two chapter to our publisher, so I would like summarize early lessons learned (actually we submitted one chapter, but the editor decided to break the chapters in half; a decision that we fully support.) The chapters includes material on programming style (from R’s point of view), introduction to functions and functional programming, some information on S4 classes mostly from user’s perspective, vectorizing code, debugging and various methods of data access including web scraping and Twitter API.

First the obvious. We underestimated the amount time required to produce the content. No surprises there.

We spent too much time wrestling with the outline. Outlining seems to work well when I know my own writing style, but not so well otherwise. At some (earlier) point we should have just started writing and figured out the detailed chapter structure as we went along. I suspect this will change as we get deeper into the material, but only time will tell.

What does need to be planned is the immediate section. For me it helps to have all the code written and all the visuals produced prior to starting writing. When I tried writing code on the fly, I struggled to make any meaningful progress.

Lastly, it would have really helped if we read each other’s sections more carefully both in terms of synchronizing content and writing style. I hope that the final product does not read like the book was written by two people.

Onto Chapter 2.

Getting Ready to Write a Book

My co-author, Jacki Buros, and I have just signed a contract with Apress to write a book tentatively entitled “Predictive Analytics with R”, which will cover programming best practices, data munging, data exploration, and single and multi-level models with case studies in social media, healthcare, politics, marketing, and the stock market.

Why does the world need another R book? We think there is a shortage of books that deal with the complete and programmer centric analysis of real, dirty, and sometimes unstructured data. Our target audience are people who have some familiarity with statistics, but do not have much experience with programming. Why did we not call the book Data Science blah, blah, blah…? Because Rachel and the Mathbabe already grabbed that title! (ok, kidding)

The book is projected to be about 300 pages across 8 chapters. This is my first experience with writing a book and everything I heard about the process tells me that this is going to be a long and arduous endeavor lasting anywhere from 6 to 8 months. While undertaking a project of this size, I am sure there will be times when I will feel discouraged, overwhelmed, and emotionally and physically exhausted. What better vehicle for coping with these feelings than writing about them! (this is the last exclamation point in this post, promise.)

So this is my first post of what I hope will become my personal diary detailing the writing process. Here is the summary of the events thus far.

A publisher contacted me on LinkedIn and asked if I wanted to write a book.
Jacki and I wrote a proposal describing our target market, competition, and sales estimates based on comparables. We developed an outline and detailed description of each section.
We submitted our proposal (to the original publisher and two other publishers) and received an approval to publish the book from Apress’ editorial board. (Apress was not the original publisher. More on that process after the book is complete.)

We set up a tracking project on Trello (thanks Joel and the Trello team), created a task for every chapter, and a included a detailed checklist for each task.

We have not completed all of the data analysis required for the book, so this is going to be an exercise in model building as well as in writing. If you have any advice about how to make the writing process better or if you think we are batshit crazy, please, post in the comments.

I hope to write a book that we can be proud of. We have a great editorial team and a technical reviewer who is kind of a legend in the R/S world. They will remain anonymous for now, but their identities will be revealed as soon as they give me permission to do so.

I am looking forward to learning about the writing process, about statistics, and about myself. Let the journey begin.